Two otters play in water

Bibliography

References

Ames , J. A., J. J. Geibel, F. E. Wendell, and C. A. Pattison. White Shark ­Inflicted Wounds of Sea Otters in California, 1968-1992. In Great White Sharks, edited by A. P. Klimley and D. G. Ainley. San Diego: Academic Press. 309-316. 1996.

Arden-Clarke, C.H.G. Population Density, Home Ranges and Spatial Organization of the Cape Clawless Otter, Aonyx capensis, in a Marine Habitat. Journal of Zoology. 209: 201-211. 1986.

Banfield, A.W.F. The Mammals of Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1974.

Bluette, R.D., Anderson, E.A., Hubert, G.F., Kruse, G.W., and S.E. Lauzon. Reintroduction and status of the river otter (Lutra canadensis) in Illinois. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science. 1999. 92(1&2):69-78.

Brody, A. J., K. Ralls, and R. B. Siniff. Potential Impact of Oil Spills on California Sea Otters: Implications of the Exxon Valdez Spill in Alaska. Marine Mammal Science 12(1):38-53. 1996.

Carroll, R.Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1988.

Chanin, P. The Natural History of Otters. New York: Facts On File, 1985.

Costa, D.P. and G.L. Kooyman. Effects of Oil Contamination in the Sea Otter, Enhydra lutris. Final Report RU No. 71, Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Progra., NOAA. 1979.

Davis, R. W. and L. Hunter. Cleaning and Restoring the Fur. In Emergency Care and Rehabilitation of Oiled Sea Otters: A Guide for Oil Spills Involving Fur-Bearing Marine Mammals, edited by T. M. Williams and R. W. Davis. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press. 95-102. 1995.

Duplaix-Hall, N. River Otters in Captivity: A Review. In Breeding Endangered Species in Captivity, edited by R.D. Martin, London, Academic Press, pp. 315-327. 1975.

Duplaix, N. Observations on the Ecology and Behavior of the giant otter Pteronura brasiliensis in Suriname. Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie) 34: 496-620. 1980.

Endangered Species Update. Special Issue: Conservation and Management of the Southern Sea Otter. 1996.

Erlinge, S. Home Range of the Otter Lutra lutra lutra in Southern Sweden. Oikos 18:186-209. 1967.

Estes, J.A., Hatfield, B.B., Ralls, K., and J. Ames. Causes of mortality in California sea otters during periods of population growth and decline. Marine Mammal Science. 19(1): 198-216. January 2003.

Estes, J.A., Tinker, M.T., Williams, T.M. and D.F. Doak. Killer whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and nearshore ecosystems. Science. 282: 473-476. 1998.

Estes, J.A. “Marine Otters and Their Environment.” Ambio 15:181-183. 1986.

Foster-Turley, P., Macdonald, S., and C. Mason, eds. Otters. An Action Plan for their Conservation. International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1990.

Garrott, R. A., L. L. Eberhardt, and D. M. Burn. Mortality of Sea Otters in Prince William Sound Following the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill. Marine Mammal Science 9(4): 343-359. 1993.

Graves, J. A. What is a California Sea Otter? Pacific Grove, California. The Boxwood Press, 1977.

Hanson, B. M., L. J. Bledsoe, B. C. Kirkevold, C.J. Casson, and J. W. Nightingale. Behavioral Budgets of Captive Sea Otter Mother-Pup Pairs During Pup Development. Zoo Biology 12: 459-477. 1993.

Jackson , H.H.T. Mammals of Wisconsin. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 1961.

Jameson, R. J. and A. M. Johnson. Reproductive Characteristics of Female Sea Otters. Marine Mammal Science 9(2): 156-167. 1993.

Kreuder, C., Miller, M.A., Jessup, D.A., Lowenstein, L.J., Harris, M.D., Ames, J.A., Carpenter, T.E., Conrad, P.A., and J.A.K. Mazet. Patterns of mortality in Southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) from 1998-2001. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 39 (3):495-509. 2003.

Kruuk, H., B. Kanchanasaka, S. O'Sullivan, and S. Wanghongsa. Niche Separation in Three Sympatric Otters Lutra perspicillata, L. lutra and Aonyx cinerea in Hui Kha Khaeng, Thailand. Biological Conservation 69:115-120. 1994.

Lekagul, B. and J.A. McNeely. Mammals of Thailand. Bangkok: Sahakarnbhat. 1977.

Leon, Vicki. A Raft of Sea Otters: An Affectionate Portrait. San Luis Obispo, California: Blake Publishing. 1988.

Maender, G., Estes, J., and B. Hatfield. California sea otter numbers climb for second consecutive year. USGS: News Release. June 16, 2004.

Mason, C.F. and S.M. Macdonald. Otters: Ecology and Conservation. London. Cambridge University Press. 1986.

McBain, J. Otters and Oil Don't Mix. Zoo Life. Fall 1990.

Melquist, W.E. and M.G. Hornocker. Ecology of River Otters in West Central Idaho. Wildlife Monogr. No. 83. 1983.

Nickerson, Roy. Sea Otters. A Natural History and Guide. San Francisco. Chronicle Books, 1984.

Nowak, Ronald M. Walker's Mammals of the World, Volume 2. 5th ed. Baltimore. John Hopkins University Press. 1135-1143. 1991.

Nowak, R.M. Walker’s Marine Mammals of the World. Baltimore. The John Hopkins University Press. 2003.

Reynolds, J.E. and S.A. Rommel (eds.). Biology of Marine Mammals. Washington. Smithsonian Institution Press. 1999.

Ridgway, S.H. and R. J. Harrison, eds. Handbook of Marine Mammals, Volume 1. London. Academic Press. 209-223. 1981.

Riedman, M. Sea Otters. Monterey, California. Monterey Bay Aquarium. 1990.

Riedman, M., Ja. A. Estes, M. M. Staedler, A. A. Giles, and Da. R. Carlson. Breeding Patterns and Reproductive Success of California Sea Otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 58(3):391-399. 1994.

Rowe-Rowe, D.T. Prey Capture and Feeding Behavior of South African Otters. Lammergeyer. No. 23, 13-21.

Scheffer, V. B. The Amazing Sea Otter. New York. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1981.

Stroganov, S.U. Carnivorous Mammals of Siberia. Jerusalem. Israel Progr. Sci. Trans. 1969.

Timmis, W.H. Observations on Breeding the Oriental Short-clawed Otter Amblonyx cinerea at Chester Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook. 11:109-111. 1971.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Southern Sea Otter Recovery Plan. Ventura, California. USFWS. 1996.

Verwoerd, D.J. Observations on the Food and Status of the Cape Clawless Otter Aonyx capensis at Betty's Bay, South Africa. South African Journal of Zoology No. 22. 33-39.

Williams, T. M., D. J. O'Connor, and S. W. Nielsen. The Effects of Oil on Sea Otters: Histopathology, Toxicology, and Clinical History. In Emergency Care and Rehabilitation of Oiled Sea Otters: A Guide for Oil Spills Involving Fur-Bearing Marine Mammals, edited by T. M. Williams and R. W. Davis. 3-22. Fairbanks. University of Alaska Press. 1995.

Williams, T. D., D. D. Allen, J. M. Groff, and R. L. Glass. An Analysis of California Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris) Pelage and Integument. Marine Mammal Science 8(1):1-18. 1992.