Phylum - Cnidaria (Formerly Coelenterata)

This diverse invertebrate (invertebrates are animals without spinal columns) group includes corals, sea anemones, hydras, jellyfishes, and their relatives. All cnidarians are radially symmetrical (the body is symmetrical around a central axis), lack a head, usually have a crown of tentacles around the mouth, and possess nematocysts. About 9,000 living species are known.

Class - Anthozoa

Anthozoans include corals, sea anemones, sea pens, and sea pansies. These animals are either solitary or colonial polyps that live attached to a substrate (surface). Of the 6,000 known anthozoan species, corals comprise about 2,500 species.

The Class Anthozoa is further divided into three subclasses: Octocorallia, Zoantharia, and Tabulata (extinct colonial corals).

• Subclass Octocorallia. Polyps are characterized by having eight pinnate (side- branching) tentacles. Octocorallians include gorgonian corals, sea pens, sea pansies, organ- pipe corals, and soft corals (order Alcyonacea). Most are colonial.
• Subclass Zoantharia. Polyps are characterized by having tentacles in multiples of six. Zoantharian tentacles are rarely pinnate. Black corals and reef-building corals (order Scleractinia) are members of this subclass. Reef-building corals are also known as "hard corals" or "stony corals". Zoantharians may be either solitary or colonial.

In this resource, the term "corals", refers to both Octocorallians and Zoantharians unless otherwise noted.

Orders

For a list of Anthozoan orders in their subclasses, see the appendix.

Fire Coral

Fire or stinging coral is not a true coral. It is a hydrocoral (Class Hydrozoa). Hydrocorals are not discussed in this booklet.

Fossil History

The earliest reefs developed two billion years ago in the mid- to late Precambrian era. These reefs were built by colonies of calcareous algae, not corals.

Corals, sponges, bryozoans, and calcareous algae enhanced the growing reef community in the Paleozoic era, 245 to 570 million years ago. During this era, natural environmental changes led to periodic reef demise.

Hard corals developed into the prominent reef builders during the Mesozoic era, 65 to 245 million years ago. Coral reefs flourished until a devastating demise at the end of the era, when many coral families disappeared.

The species of corals that made up the reefs of the Tertiary period, 2 to 65 million years ago, were similar to today's species.