References

Derocher, A.E. and I. Stirling. "Observations of aggregating behaviour in adult male polar bears (Ursus maritimus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, 1990, pp. 1390-1394.

Dalziel, Ian W.D. "Arctic." The World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago: World Book, Inc., 1994.

Domico, Terry. Bears of the World. New York: Facts On File, 1988.

Harington, Richard C. Denning Habits of the Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus Phipps). Ottawa: Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series Number 5, 1968.

Lyman, C. P., et al. Hibernation and Torpor in Mammals and Birds. New York: Academic Press, 1982.

Macdonald, David W., ed. Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File Publications, Inc., 1987.

Nowak, Ronald M., ed. Walker's Mammals of the World. 5th edition. Volume 2. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.

Parker, Sybil P., ed. Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals. Volume 3. New York: McGraw Hill Publishing Company, 1990.

Sage, Bryan. The Arctic and its Wildlife. New York: Facts On File Publications, Inc., 1986.

Stirling, Ian, and P.B. Latour. "Comparative hunting abilities of polar bear cubs of different ages." Canadian Journal of Zoology 56, 1978, pp. 1768-1772.

Stirling, Ian. Polar Bears. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1988.

Stirling Ian, et al. "Habitat preferences of polar bears in the western Canadian Arctic in late winter and spring." Polar Record 29 (168), 1993, pp. 13-24.

Thurman, Harold V. "Arctic Ocean." The World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago: World Book, Inc., 1994.

Photo Citations

Title & Location: "These polar bears are..." from Behavior; Hibernation
Photo Credit: Capt. Budd Christman, NOAA Corps
Courtesy of: NOAA/U.S. Dept of Commerce

Title & Location: "This polar bear is..." from Diet & Eating Habits; Food Preferences and Resources
Photo Credit: Capt. Budd Christman, NOAA Corps
Courtesy of: NOAA/U.S. Dept of Commerce

Title & Location: "Polar bears make extensive ..." from Habitat & Distribution; Habitat
Photo Credit: Capt. Budd Christman, NOAA Corps
Courtesy of: NOAA/U.S. Dept of Commerce

Title & Location: "The soles of polar..." from Physical Characteristics; Limbs
Photo Credit: Capt. Budd Christman, NOAA Corps
Courtesy of: NOAA/U.S. Dept of Commerce.